NPV may refer to:

In economics:

• Net present value, an economic standard method for evaluating competing long-term projects in capital budgeting

In politics:

• National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an initiative in the United States to elect the presidential candidate with the most votes nationwide

In medicine and science:

• Negative predictive value, in biostatistics, the proportion of patients with negative test results who are correctly diagnosed
• Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, a virus that infects butterflies and moths
• Negative Phase Velocity, an electromagnetic property induced by some exotic optical materials
• Negative pressure ventilator, a type of mechanical ventilator that stimulates an ill person's breathing by periodically applying negative air pressure to their body to expand and contract the chest cavity.

Other uses:

• De Nederlandse Padvinders (Netherlands Pathfinders), a precursor to Scouting Nederland, the national scouting organisation of the Netherlands